Different Means of Navigation & Approaches

Precision

ILS

MLS

PAR

LAAS

Non-Precision

VOR & VOR/DME

NDB

LOC / LOC-Back Course

ASR

LDA; SDF

MODERN

GPS

(WAAS)

(LAAS)

WAAS/LAAS

OTHERS

VISUAL APPROACH

CONTACT APPROACH

NON-GYRO

Difference between them ...

provides horizontal
+

vertical guidance

​

Minim. Altitude = DH(A)

​

LOW to VERY LOW LIMITS

(ILS CAT > 1-2-3)

provides horizontal
-OR-

 guidance in Azimuth
ONLY
 

Minim. Altitude = DH(A)

​

​

GPS provides Horizontal Guidance ONLY 
unless a/c is equipped with...

WAAS/LAAS-Receiver;

then it also provides Vertical Guidance

Visual Approach 
(Must be able to maintain visual contact with airport/RWY of intended landing till T/D.)

-

Contact Approach
(Must be able to maintain contact with airplane to be followed till ...)