
Different Means of Navigation & Approaches
Precision
MLS
LAAS
Non-Precision
NDB
LOC / LOC-Back Course
LDA; SDF
MODERN
(WAAS)
(LAAS)
WAAS/LAAS
OTHERS
NON-GYRO
Difference between them ...
provides horizontal
+
vertical guidance
Minim. Altitude = DH(A)
LOW to VERY LOW LIMITS
(ILS CAT > 1-2-3)
provides horizontal
-OR-
guidance in Azimuth
ONLY
Minim. Altitude = DH(A)
GPS provides Horizontal Guidance ONLY
unless a/c is equipped with...
WAAS/LAAS-Receiver;
then it also provides Vertical Guidance
Visual Approach
(Must be able to maintain visual contact with airport/RWY of intended landing till T/D.)
-
Contact Approach
(Must be able to maintain contact with airplane to be followed till ...)